Human/Mouse TGF beta 1 ELISA Ready-SET-Go!® (To Be Discontinued. Refer to 2nd Generation RSG Version: cat. 88-8350)

Description: Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine which exists in five isoforms, known as TGF-β1-5, with homologies of 70-80% and no homology to TGF-α. TGF-β1 is the most abundant form in lymphoid organs and is found almost ubiquitously while other isoforms are expressed in a more restricted distribution. The biologically active forms of all isoforms are disulfide-linked homodimers. The heat- and acid- stable monomeric subunits have a length of 112 amino acids. The isoforms of TGF-β arise by proteolytic cleavage of longer precursors; the isoforms are derived from the carboxyterminal ends of these precursors. Isoforms isolated from different species are evolutionarily closely conserved and have sequence identities on the order of 98%. Mature human, porcine, simian, chicken and bovine TGF-β1 are identical and differ from mouse TGF-β1 in a single amino acid. TGF-β1 is produced in very high levels by platelets. Other cellular sources of TGF-β1 include macrophages, lymphocytes, endothelial cells, chondrocytes, and leukemic cells. TGF-β1 secretion can be induced by steroids, retinoids, EGF, NGF, vitamin D3, and IL-1. Activities of TGF-β1 include inhibition of cell growth for inhibitor for normal and transformed epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, neurons, and lymphoid cells and other hematopoietic cell types. TGF-β1 inhibits the proliferation of T cells and NK cells and downregulates the activities of activated macrophages. TGF-β1 blocks the anti-tumor activity of IL-2 – bearing lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells.

Recently, TGF-β1 has been found to have a critical role in the development of regulatory T cells. Dendritic cells exposed to tumors have been reported to secrete TGF-β1 and stimulate expansion of naturally-occurring T reg cells. Moreover, TGF-β1 has been shown to act as a costimulatory factor for expression of Foxp3, leading to the differentiation of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells from peripheral CD4+CD25- progeny. TGF-β-induced regulatory T cells have been termed Ti-Treg.

This Mouse/Human TGF-β1 Ready-SET-Go! ELISA Set contains the necessary reagents, standards, buffers and diluents for performing quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). This ELISA set is specifically engineered for accurate and precise measurement of mouse or human TGF-β1 protein levels from samples including serum, plasma, and supernatants from cell cultures. The calibration standard is highly purified, bioactive recombinant human TGF-β1 (mature form).

Note: This sandwich ELISA recognizes the mature/active form of TGF-β1. Samples (but not standards) should be acid-treated and then neutralized to activate the latent TGF-β1 to the immunoreactive form. Samples should be tested in the ELISA immediately after acid treatment and neutralization. See 'Experimental Procedure'.

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Mukherjee S, Ahmed A, Nandi D. CTLA4-CD80/CD86 interactions on primary mouse CD4+ T cells integrate signal-strength information to modulate activation with Concanavalin A. J Leukoc Biol. 2005 Jul;78(1):144-57. (RSG ELISA kit, TC supernatant, PubMed)

Lee SI, Hyun PM, Kim SH, Kim KS, Lee SK, Kim BS, Maeng PJ, Lim JS. Suppression of the onset and progression of collagen-induced arthritis by chebulagic acid screened from a natural product library. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jan;52(1):345-53. (RSG ELISA kit, mouse serum, PubMed)

Peng Y, Laouar Y, Li MO, Green EA, Flavell RA. TGF-beta regulates in vivo expansion of Foxp3-expressing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells responsible for protection against diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 30;101(13):4572-7.

Roberts AB, Sporn MB. Physiological actions and clinical applications of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Growth Factors. 1993;8(1):1-9.

Miyazono K, Heldin CH. Structure, function and possible clinical application of transforming growth factor-beta. J Dermatol. 1992 Nov;19(11):644-7.

Fantini MC, Becker C, Tubbe I, Nikolaev A, Lehr HA, Galle P, Neurath MF. TGF-beta – induced Foxp3+ regulatory T cells suppress Th1-mediated experimental colitis. Gut. 2006 May;55(5):671-80.