Human APRIL Platinum ELISA

Description: The human APRIL ELISA is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitative detection of human APRIL. The human APRIL ELISA is for research use only. Not for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

APRIL (A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor family. APRIL shows high levels of expression in tumors of different origin and low level of expression in normal cells. APRIL shares two TNF receptor family members, TACI and BCMA with another TNF homolog, BlyS/BAFF both of which have been reported to play a role in autoimmune disease and cancer. APRIL appears to play a role in T-independent type II antigen responses and T cell survival, but can also induce proliferation/survival of non lymphoid cells. Local production of APRIL was found in arthritic joints of patients with inflammatory arthritis. Biologically active BlyS/BAFF and APRIL heterotrimers are expressed in patients with systemic immune based rheumatic diseases. A soluble form of the high affinity BCMA receptor has been shown to inhibit the proliferative activity of APRIL in vitro, thus decreasing tumor cell proliferation, while APRIL-transfected cells show an increased rate of tumor growth very directly, suggesting that APRIL is implicated in the regulation of tumor cell growth.

Citations: Thangarajh,M.; Masterman,T.; Rot,U.; Duvefelt,K.; Brynedal,B.; Karrenbauer,V.D.; Hillert,J.. Increased levels of APRIL (A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand) mRNA in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neuroimmunology 2005;167:210-214. (Link)

Vallerskog,Therese; Heimbürger,Mikael; Gunnarsson,Iva; Zhou,Wei; Wahren-Herlenius,Marie; Trollmo,Christina; Malmström,Vivianne. Differential effects on BAFF and APRIL levels in rituximab-treated patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2006;8:R167(Link)

Thangarajh,M.; Masterman,T.; Helgeland,L.; Rot,U.; Jonsson,M.V.; Eide,G.E.; Pirskanen,R.; Hillert,J.; Jonsson,R.. The thymus is a source of B-cell-survival factors-APRIL and BAFF-in myasthenia gravis. Journal of Neuroimmunology 2006;178:161-166. (Link)

George-Chandy,Annie; Trysberg,Estelle; Eriksson,Kristina. Raised intrathecal levels of APRIL and BAFF in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship to neuropsychiatric symptoms. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2008;10:R97(Link)

Matsushita,Takashi; Fujimoto,Manabu; Hasegawa,Minoru; Tanaka,Chihiro; Kumada,Sayako; Ogawa,Fumihide; Takehara,Kazuhiko; Sato,Shinichi. Elevated serum APRIL levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: distinct profiles of systemic sclerosis categorized by APRIL and BAFF. The Journal of Rheumatology 2007;34:2056-2062. (Link)

Nagel,A.; Podstawa,E.; Eickmann,M.; Muller,H.H.; Hertl,M.; Eming,R.. Rituximab Mediates a Strong Elevation of B-Cell-Activating Factor Associated with Increased Pathogen-Specific IgG but Not Autoantibodies in Pemphigus Vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;(Link)

Breitkreutz,I.; Raab,M.; Vallet,S.; Hideshima,T.; Raje,N.; Mitsiades,C.; Chauhan,D.; Okawa,Y.; Munshi,N.; Richardson,P.; Anderson,K.. Lenalidomide inhibits osteoclastogenesis, survival factors and bone-remodeling markers in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2008;22:1925-1932. (Link)

Kawasaki,A.; Tsuchiya,N.; Ohashi,J.; Murakami,Y.; Fukazawa,T.; Kusaoi,M.; Morimoto,S.; Matsuta,K.; Hashimoto,H.; Takasaki,Y.; Tokunaga,K.. Role of APRIL (TNFSF13) polymorphisms in the susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in Japanese. Rheumatology 2007;46:776-782. (Link)

MOREAUX,Jerome; CREMER,friedrich W.; REME,Thierry; RAAB,Marc; MAHTOUK,Karene; KAUKEL,Philine; PANTESCO,Veronique; DE VOS,John; JOURDAN,Eric; JAUCH,Anna; LEGOUFFE,Eric; MOOS,Marion; FIOL,Genevieve; GOLDSCHMIDT,Hartmut; ROSSI,Jean Francois; HOSE,Dirk; KLEIN,Bernard. The level of TACI gene expression in myeloma cells is associated with a signature of microenvironment dependence versus a plasmablastic signature. Blood 2005;106:2004-2011. (Link)

Thangarajha Mathula; Thomas Mastermana; Uro? Rotb; Kristina Duvefelta; Boel Brynedala; Virginija Danylait‚ Karrenbauera; Jan Hillert. Increased levels of APRIL (A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand) mRNA in multiple sclerosis465. Journal of Neurochemistry 0005;167:(Link)

References: Marsters,S.A.; Yan,M.; Pitti,R.M.; Haas,P.E.; Dixit,V.M.; Ashkenazi,A.. Interaction of the TNF homologues BLyS and APRIL with the TNF receptor homologues BCMA and TACI. Curr.Biol. 2000;10:785-788. (Link)

Yu,G.; Boone,T.; Delaney,J.; Hawkins,N.; Kelley,M.; Ramakrishnan,M.; McCabe,S.; Qiu,W.R.; Kornuc,M.; Xia,X.Z.; Guo,J.; Stolina,M.; Boyle,W.J.; Sarosi,I.; Hsu,H.; Senaldi,G.; Theill,L.E.. APRIL and TALL-I and receptors BCMA and TACI: system for regulating humoral immunity. Nat.Immunol. 2000;1:252-256. (Link)

Roschke,V.; Sosnovtseva,S.; Ward,C.D.; Hong,J.S.; Smith,R.; Albert,V.; Stohl,W.; Baker,K.P.; Ullrich,S.; Nardelli,B.; Hilbert,D.M.; Migone,T.S.. BLyS and APRIL form biologically active heterotrimers that are expressed in patients with systemic immune-based rheumatic diseases. J.Immunol. 2002;169:4314-4321. (Link)

Xu,S.; Lam,K.P.. B-cell maturation protein, which binds the tumor necrosis factor family members BAFF and APRIL, is dispensable for humoral immune responses. Mol.Cell Biol. 2001;21:4067-4074. (Link)

MacKay,F.; Schneider,P.; Rennert,P.; Browning,J.. BAFF AND APRIL: a tutorial on B cell survival. Annu.Rev.Immunol. 2003;21:231-264. (Link)

Litinskiy,M.B.; Nardelli,B.; Hilbert,D.M.; He,B.; Schaffer,A.; Casali,P.; Cerutti,A.. DCs induce CD40-independent immunoglobulin class switching through BLyS and APRIL. Nat.Immunol. 2002;3:822-829. (Link)

Patel,D.R.; Wallweber,H.J.; Yin,J.; Shriver,S.K.; Marsters,S.A.; Gordon,N.C.; Starovasnik,M.A.; Kelley,R.F.. Engineering an APRIL-specific B cell maturation antigen. J.Biol.Chem. 2004;279:16727-16735. (Link)

Rennert,P.; Schneider,P.; Cachero,T.G.; Thompson,J.; Trabach,L.; Hertig,S.; Holler,N.; Qian,F.; Mullen,C.; Strauch,K.; Browning,J.L.; Ambrose,C.; Tschopp,J.. A soluble form of B cell maturation antigen, a receptor for the tumor necrosis factor family member APRIL, inhibits tumor cell growth 103. J.Exp.Med. 2000;192:1677-1684. (Link)

Varfolomeev,E.; Kischkel,F.; Martin,F.; Seshasayee,D.; Wang,H.; Lawrence,D.; Olsson,C.; Tom,L.; Erickson,S.; French,D.; Schow,P.; Grewal,I.S.; Ashkenazi,A.. APRIL-deficient mice have normal immune system development. Mol.Cell Biol. 2004;24:997-1006. (Link)

MacLennan,I.; Vinuesa,C.. Dendritic cells, BAFF, and APRIL: innate players in adaptive antibody responses. Immunity. 2002;17:235-238. (Link)

Lopez-Fraga,M.; Fernandez,R.; Albar,J.P.; Hahne,M.. Biologically active APRIL is secreted following intracellular processing in the Golgi apparatus by furin convertase. EMBO Rep. 2001;2:945-951. (Link)

Roth,W.; Wagenknecht,B.; Klumpp,A.; Naumann,U.; Hahne,M.; Tschopp,J.; Weller,M.. APRIL, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor family, modulates death ligand-induced apoptosis. Cell Death.Differ. 2001;8:403-410. (Link)

Kelly,K.; Manos,E.; Jensen,G.; Nadauld,L.; Jones,D.A.. APRIL/TRDL-1, a tumor necrosis factor-like ligand, stimulates cell death 63. Cancer Res. 2000;60:1021-1027. (Link)

Hahne,M.; Kataoka,T.; Schroter,M.; Hofmann,K.; Irmler,M.; Bodmer,J.L.; Schneider,P.; Bornand,T.; Holler,N.; French,L.E.; Sordat,B.; Rimoldi,D.; Tschopp,J.. APRIL, a new ligand of the tumor necrosis factor family, stimulates tumor cell growth. J.Exp.Med. 1998;188:1185-1190. (Link)

Medema,J.P.; Planelles-Carazo,L.; Hardenberg,G.; Hahne,M.. The uncertain glory of APRIL. Cell Death Differ 2003;10:1121-1125. (Link)

MacKay,F.; Ambrose,C.. The TNF family members BAFF and APRIL: the growing complexity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2003;14:311-324. (Link)

Tan,S.M.; Xu,D.; Roschke,V.; Perry,J.W.; Arkfeld,D.G.; Ehresmann,G.R.; Migone,T.S.; Hilbert,D.M.; Stohl,W.. Local production of B lymphocyte stimulator protein and APRIL in arthritic joints of patients with inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:982-992. (Link)